Population ecology of swift foxes (Vulpes velox) in southeastern Colorado

نویسندگان

  • Edward R. Schauster
  • Eric M. Gese
  • Ann M. Kitchen
چکیده

Swift foxes (Vulpes velox) were once distributed across most of the shortgrass prairie of North America. The arrival of settlers and the concurrent loss of habitat, trapping, incidental poisoning, and shooting brought about a decline in its numbers until the swift fox remained only in the southern part of its historic range. A current understanding of swift fox population ecology is important to management and conservation efforts. We examined the population ecology of swift foxes on a native shortgrass prairie ecosystem in southeastern Colorado. From January 1997 to December 1998 we investigated home-range size and space use, spatial overlap, dispersal patterns, survival rates, and reproduction using a sample of 90 (42 males, 48 females) radio-collared foxes. Home ranges were largest (9.4 ± 4.9 km2) and spatial overlap was greatest using nighttime locations when foxes were active, while daytime locations indicated that the use of dens was exclusive among social units, and space use (2.8 ± 2.2 km2) was reduced during the day. Among resident foxes, survival rates were higher for adults than for juveniles. For dispersing foxes, adults that dispersed had higher survival rates than juvenile dispersers. Social units ranged in size from 2 to 4 foxes. About 58% of the social units produced pups; litter size averaged 2.4 pups at den emergence. Among the surviving pup cohort, some pups were philopatric, some dispersed long distances, while others dispersed to neighboring territories. Swift fox density was negatively associated with both coyote (Canis latrans) and lagomorph abundance but positively correlated with rodent abundance. Résumé : L’aire de répartition du renard véloce (Vulpes velox) s’étendait jadis à toute la prairie à herbes courtes de l’Amérique du Nord. L’arrivée des colons et, en conséquence, la perte d’habitats, le trappage, les empoisonnements accidentels et la chasse, ont réduit les densités du renard au point où il ne survit plus que dans la partie sud de son aire traditionnelle. Pour des fins de gestion et de conservation, il importe de connaître l’écologie actuelle de l’espèce. Nous avons donc étudié l’écologie d’une population d’un écosystème naturel de prairie à herbes courtes du sud-est du Colorado. Un échantillon de 90 (42 males : 48 femelles) renards munis de colliers radio-émetteurs nous a permis, de janvier 1997 à décembre 1998, de déterminer la taille du domaine vital, l’utilisation de l’espace, les chevauchements spatiaux, les patterns de dispersion, les taux de survie et la reproduction. La taille des domaines (9,4 ± 4,9 km2) et les recouvrements de domaines étaient aximaux lorsque calculés à partir des repérages de nuit au moment où les renards étaient actifs; les repérages de jour indiquaient que l’utilisation des terriers était réservée exclusivement à chacun des groupes sociaux et que l’utilisation de l’espace (2,8 ± 2,2 km2) était réduite durant le jour. Chez les renards résidants, les taux de survie étaient plus élevés chez les adultes que chez les jeunes. Les adultes en phase de dispersion avaient une survie supérieure à celle des jeunes qui se dispersaient. La taille des groupes sociaux variait de 2 à 4 renards/groupe social. Environ 58 % des groupes sociaux ont produit des petits et la taille des portées était en moyenne de 2,4 renardeaux/portée. Parmi les survivants de la cohorte des renardeaux, quelques-uns étaient philopatriques, d’autres se sont dispersés sur de grandes distances et enfin d’autres ont gagné des territoires avoisinants. La densité des renards véloces était en corrélation négative avec l’abondance tant des coyotes (Canis latrans) que des lagomorphes, mais en corrélation positive avec celle des rongeurs. [Traduit par la Rédaction] 319 Schauster et al. Introduction Swift foxes (Vulpes velox) were once widely distributed across much of the shortand mixed-grass prairie of North America (Scott-Brown et al. 1987). Historically, swift foxes ranged from the southern portions of the central Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan south through the states of Montana, the Dakotas, eastern Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado, and Kansas and the Oklahoma panhandle, eastern New Mexico, and northwestern Texas (Egoscue 1979; ScottBrown et al. 1987; FaunaWest 1991). Swift foxes may have been found as far east as western Minnesota and Iowa (Swanson et al. 1945; Bowles 1975) in the United States and possibly western Manitoba in Canada, but this remains undocumented (Egoscue 1979; Carbyn 1998). During much of the 1800s swift foxes are believed to have been abundant, as evidenced by observations made by early naturalists and explorers (FaunaWest 1991). Johnson (1969) examined the returns of the American Fur Company and found that 10 614 swift fox pelts were traded at their posts covering western Montana and the Dakotas from 1835 to 1839 (Utley 1997). Can. J. Zool. 80: 307–319 (2002) DOI: 10.1139/Z02-009 © 2002 NRC Canada 307 Received 19 June 2001. Accepted 9 January 2002. Published on the NRC Research Press Web site at http://cjz.nrc.ca on 8 March 2002. E.R. Schauster and A.M. Kitchen. Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Utah State University, Logan UT 84322-5210, U.S.A. E.M. Gese.1 National Wildlife Research Center, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-5295, U.S.A. 1Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]). J:\cjz\cjz80\cjz-02\Z02-009a.vp Tuesday, March 05, 2002 11:08:43 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen

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تاریخ انتشار 2002